Pronunciation Rules in English (अंग्रेजी उच्चारण नियम)

English pronunciation follows several rules that help learners understand how to pronounce words based on spelling patterns. Below are some important pronunciation rules, with examples and their Hindi pronunciations (हिन्दी में उच्चारण):

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1. Silent Letters (मौन अक्षर)

In some words, certain letters are silent and are not pronounced.

Rule: Some consonants are not pronounced when they appear before or after specific letters.

Examples:

1. Silent B:
   • Word: Climb → क्लाइम्ब
   • Pronunciation: क्लाइम (clime)
2. Silent K:
   • Word: Knife → नाइफ
   • Pronunciation: नाइफ (naif)
3. Silent W:
   • Word: Write → राइट
   • Pronunciation: राइट (rait)
4. Silent G:
   • Word: Sign → साइन
   • Pronunciation: साइन (sine)
5. Silent H:
   • Word: Hour → ऑर
   • Pronunciation: ऑर (or)

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2. Short Vowel Sounds (छोटे स्वर ध्वनि)

When a vowel is followed by a consonant, it usually has a short sound.

Rule: Vowels A, E, I, O, and U are pronounced in their short form when followed by a consonant.

Examples:

1. A:
   • Word: Cat → कैट
   • Pronunciation: कैट (kaet)
2. E:
   • Word: Pen → पेन
   • Pronunciation: पेन (pen)
3. I:
   • Word: Sit → सिट
   • Pronunciation: सिट (sit)
4. O:
   • Word: Dog → डॉग
   • Pronunciation: डॉग (dog)
5. U:
   • Word: Sun → सन
   • Pronunciation: सन (sun)

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3. Long Vowel Sounds (लंबी स्वर ध्वनि)

When a vowel is followed by another vowel or appears at the end of a word, it usually has a long sound.

Rule: Vowels are pronounced as their names when followed by another vowel or ending the word.

Examples:

1. A:
   • Word: Cake → केक
   • Pronunciation: केक (keik)
2. E:
   • Word: Meet → मीट
   • Pronunciation: मीट (meet)
3. I:
   • Word: Bike → बाइक
   • Pronunciation: बाइक (baik)
4. O:
   • Word: Note → नोट
   • Pronunciation: नोट (not)
5. U:
   • Word: Cute → क्यूट
   • Pronunciation: क्यूट (kyoot)

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4. C and G Soft/Hard Sounds (स और ज ध्वनियां)

The letters C and G can be pronounced in soft or hard forms based on the vowels that follow them.

Rule:

• C is soft (स) when followed by E, I, or Y.
• G is soft (ज) when followed by E, I, or Y.

Examples:

1. C (Soft):
   • Word: City → सिटी
   • Pronunciation: सिटी (siti)
2. C (Hard):
   • Word: Cat → कैट
   • Pronunciation: कैट (kaet)
3. G (Soft):
   • Word: Giraffe → जिराफ
   • Pronunciation: जिराफ (jiraaf)
4. G (Hard):
   • Word: Game → गेम
   • Pronunciation: गेम (geim)
5. C (Soft):
   • Word: Cereal → सिरीयल
   • Pronunciation: सिरीयल (siri-yal)

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5. -ED Ending Pronunciation (समाप्त होने वाले शब्दों में -ED का उच्चारण)

The ending -ed in past tense verbs can be pronounced in three different ways: /t/, /d/, or /ɪd/.

Rule:

• /t/ if the base word ends in an unvoiced sound (like “k” or “p”).
• /d/ if the base word ends in a voiced sound (like “l” or “m”).
• /ɪd/ if the base word ends in “t” or “d.”

Examples:

1. /t/:
   • Word: Helped → हेल्प्ट
   • Pronunciation: हेल्प्ट (helpt)
2. /d/:
   • Word: Called → कॉल्ड
   • Pronunciation: कॉल्ड (kaul’d)
3. /ɪd/:
   • Word: Wanted → वांटिड
   • Pronunciation: वांटिड (wont-id)
4. /t/:
   • Word: Talked → टॉक्ट
   • Pronunciation: टॉक्ट (tawkt)
5. /d/:
   • Word: Moved → मूव्ड
   • Pronunciation: मूव्ड (moov’d)

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6. S Sounds (S और Z ध्वनियाँ)

The letter S can sound like S or Z depending on its position in the word and surrounding letters.

Rule:

• S sounds like S in soft sounds and Z in voiced sounds.

Examples:

1. S (Soft):
   • Word: Sun → सन
   • Pronunciation: सन (sun)
2. S (Soft):
   • Word: Seat → सीट
   • Pronunciation: सीट (seet)
3. S (Z sound):
   • Word: Rays → रेज़
   • Pronunciation: रेज़ (rez)
4. S (Z sound):
   • Word: Goes → गोज़
   • Pronunciation: गोज़ (goz)
5. S (Soft):
   • Word: Sing → सिंग
   • Pronunciation: सिंग (sing)

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7. R-Controlled Vowels (R नियंत्रित स्वर)

When a vowel is followed by the letter R, it creates a new sound.

Rule: R changes the sound of vowels, making them neither long nor short.

Examples:

1. AR:
   • Word: Car → कार
   • Pronunciation: कार (kaar)
2. ER:
   • Word: Her → हर
   • Pronunciation: हर (hur)
3. IR:
   • Word: Bird → बर्ड
   • Pronunciation: बर्ड (burd)
4. OR:
   • Word: Corn → कॉर्न
   • Pronunciation: कॉर्न (korn)
5. UR:
   • Word: Turn → टर्न
   • Pronunciation: टर्न (turn)

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8. Schwa Sound (अस्पष्ट स्वर ध्वनि)

The schwa sound (ə) is the most common sound in English. It occurs in unstressed syllables and can be represented by any vowel.

Rule: The schwa sound is a relaxed, neutral vowel sound that occurs in unstressed syllables.

Examples:

1. About → अबाउट
   • Pronunciation: अबाउट (uh-bout)
2. Problem → प्रॉब्लम
   • Pronunciation: प्रॉब्लम (prah-bluhm)
3. System → सिस्टम
   • Pronunciation: सिस्टम (sis-tuhm)
4. Banana → बनाना
   • Pronunciation: बनाना (buh-nah-nuh)
5. Family → फैमिली
   • Pronunciation: फैमिली (fam-uh-lee)