english grammar complete notes
Tenses
Parts Of Speech
Voices
Narrations

Nouns | Pronouns | Verbs | Models | Adjectives | Adverbs | Prepositions | Conjunctions | Interjections

Basics of English Grammar

  1. Introduction to Grammar
    • Definition and importance
    • Word, sentence, phrase, clause
  2. The Alphabet & Sounds
    • Letters and pronunciation
    • Vowels and consonants
    • Syllables and stress
  3. The Parts of Speech (Word Classes)
    • Noun
    • Pronoun
    • Verb
    • Adjective
    • Adverb
    • Preposition
    • Conjunction
    • Interjection
    • Articles (Definite, Indefinite, Zero Article)

Nouns and Pronouns

  1. Nouns
    • Types: Proper, Common, Collective, Abstract, Material
    • Countable & Uncountable nouns
    • Gender and number forms
    • Case: Nominative, Objective, Possessive
  2. Pronouns
    • Personal pronouns
    • Reflexive & Emphatic pronouns
    • Demonstrative pronouns
    • Interrogative pronouns
    • Relative pronouns
    • Indefinite pronouns
    • Distributive pronouns
    • Reciprocal pronouns

Determiners & Articles

  1. Articles (a, an, the, zero article)
  2. Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
  3. Quantifiers (some, many, much, few, little, etc.)
  4. Possessives (my, your, their, etc.)
  5. Numbers / Ordinals (first, second, one, two, etc.)
  6. Distributives (each, every, either, neither)

Verbs and Tenses

  1. Verbs
    • Main (lexical) verbs
    • Auxiliary (helping) verbs
    • Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, etc.)
    • Transitive & Intransitive verbs
    • Stative & Dynamic verbs
    • Finite & Non-finite verbs
  2. Verb Forms
    • Base form, Past, Past participle
    • Gerunds (-ing forms)
    • Infinitives (to + verb)
  3. Tenses
    • Present (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous)
    • Past (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous)
    • Future (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous)
    • Sequence of tenses
    • Tense consistency in writing

Adjectives and Adverbs

  1. Adjectives
    • Types: descriptive, quantitative, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative, etc.
    • Degrees of comparison: Positive, Comparative, Superlative
    • Order of adjectives in a sentence
  2. Adverbs
    • Types: manner, place, time, frequency, degree, interrogative, relative, etc.
    • Position of adverbs in sentences
    • Adverbs vs. adjectives confusion

Prepositions & Conjunctions

  1. Prepositions
    • Time (at, on, in, since, for)
    • Place (at, in, on, between, among, over, under)
    • Direction/movement (into, onto, towards)
    • Phrasal prepositions (in front of, because of, due to)
    • Common errors in prepositions
  2. Conjunctions
    • Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so, yet, for, nor)
    • Subordinating conjunctions (because, although, if, when, etc.)
    • Correlative conjunctions (either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also)

Sentence Structure

  1. Types of Sentences
    • Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory
    • Simple, Compound, Complex sentences
  2. Sentence Elements
    • Subject, Predicate, Object, Complement, Modifier
  3. Phrases and Clauses
    • Noun phrase, Verb phrase, Adjective phrase, Adverb phrase, Prepositional phrase
    • Noun clause, Adjective clause, Adverb clause
    • Relative clauses, Conditional clauses

Voice, Narration & Transformation

  1. Active and Passive Voice
    • Rules and changes in tense, pronouns, modals
    • Passive with two objects
    • Passive of infinitives and gerunds
  2. Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration)
    • Changes in pronouns, verbs, adverbs of time/place
    • Statements, Questions, Commands, Exclamations
  3. Transformation of Sentences
    • Affirmative ↔ Negative
    • Assertive ↔ Interrogative
    • Exclamatory ↔ Assertive
    • Degrees of comparison
    • Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex

Modals & Conditionals

  1. Modal Verbs
    • Ability, permission, possibility, obligation, necessity, probability, deduction, habits
  2. Conditionals
    • Zero conditional
    • First conditional
    • Second conditional
    • Third conditional
    • Mixed conditionals

Agreement, Emphasis & Ellipsis

  1. Subject-Verb Agreement (Concord)
    • Singular/plural subjects
    • Indefinite pronouns
    • Collective nouns
    • Complex subjects
  2. Emphasis
    • Cleft sentences (It is/was…, What…)
    • Emphatic do/does/did
  3. Ellipsis and Substitution
    • Omitting repeated words
    • Using “so, too, neither, either”

Special Grammar Topics

  1. Non-finite Verbs (Infinitives, Gerunds, Participles)
  2. Phrasal Verbs
  3. Idioms and Expressions (grammar usage level)
  4. Question Tags
  5. Negation (Double negatives, partial negation)
  6. Inversion in sentences (Hardly had…, Never before…, etc.)
  7. Reported Questions & Commands
  8. Relative & Emphatic Structures

Writing & Usage

  1. Punctuation & Capitalization
    • Full stop, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, apostrophe, quotation marks
    • Hyphen vs. dash
    • Capitalization rules
  2. Spelling & Common Errors
    • Homophones
    • Confusing words (its/it’s, their/there/they’re, etc.)
  3. Formal vs. Informal Usage
    • Politeness in grammar
    • Differences in written & spoken grammar

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