Subject and Predicate क्या होते हैं?
English sentence को सही तरीके से समझने के लिए Subject और Predicate की concept समझना बहुत जरूरी है। लगभग हर complete sentence में दो main parts होते हैं:
- Subject – sentence में जिसके बारे में बात की जा रही है।
- Predicate – Subject के बारे में जो कुछ बताया जा रहा है।
Simple words में:
Subject = Who or what the sentence is about?
Predicate = What is said about the subject?
Example
Ravi plays cricket.
- Ravi → Subject
- plays cricket → Predicate
यहाँ sentence में Ravi के बारे में बात हो रही है, इसलिए Ravi Subject है। Ravi क्या करता है, यह “plays cricket” बताता है, इसलिए यह Predicate है।
Subject क्या है?
Subject sentence का वह part है जो बताता है कि कोई action कौन कर रहा है या sentence किस व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान या idea के बारे में है।
Subject कोई:
- Person
- Animal
- Thing
- Place
- Group
- Idea
- Pronoun
- Noun phrase
हो सकता है।
Examples
Rahul is reading a book.
यहाँ Rahul Subject है।
The dog is barking.
यहाँ The dog Subject है।
My sister lives in Delhi.
यहाँ My sister Subject है।
Honesty is the best policy.
यहाँ Honesty Subject है।
ध्यान रखें कि Subject हमेशा केवल एक word नहीं होता। कई बार पूरा phrase Subject का काम करता है।
Predicate क्या है?
Predicate sentence का वह part है जो Subject के बारे में information देता है।
इसमें आमतौर पर verb और verb से जुड़े दूसरे words शामिल होते हैं।
Examples
Ravi plays cricket.
- Subject → Ravi
- Predicate → plays cricket
The little boy is crying.
- Subject → The little boy
- Predicate → is crying
My father works in a bank.
- Subject → My father
- Predicate → works in a bank
The students are studying English in the classroom.
- Subject → The students
- Predicate → are studying English in the classroom
इसलिए एक useful rule याद रखें:
Predicate हमेशा Subject के बारे में कुछ बताता है।
Subject और Predicate पहचानने का आसान तरीका
Sentence को पढ़कर सबसे पहले यह question पूछें:
Who? या What?
फिर देखें कि उस Subject के बारे में क्या बताया गया है।
Example 1
The girl is singing.
Question:
Who is singing?
Answer: The girl
इसलिए:
- Subject → The girl
- Predicate → is singing
Example 2
The birds are flying in the sky.
Question:
Who are flying?
Answer: The birds
इसलिए:
- Subject → The birds
- Predicate → are flying in the sky
Example 3
The car is very expensive.
Question:
What is very expensive?
Answer: The car
इसलिए:
- Subject → The car
- Predicate → is very expensive
Subject और Predicate का Basic Structure
एक simple English sentence को इस तरह समझ सकते हैं:
Subject + Predicate
Examples
| Subject | Predicate |
|---|---|
| Rahul | plays football. |
| The baby | is sleeping. |
| My mother | cooks delicious food. |
| The sun | rises in the east. |
| Birds | fly in the sky. |
| Our teacher | teaches English. |
यह basic structure English sentence formation की foundation है।
Simple Subject क्या होता है?
Simple Subject Subject का मुख्य word होता है।
आमतौर पर यह noun या pronoun होता है।
Example
The tall boy is running.
पूरा Subject:
The tall boy
Simple Subject:
boy
क्योंकि Subject का मुख्य word “boy” है।
More Examples
The little girl is dancing.
Simple Subject → girl
My elder brother works in a bank.
Simple Subject → brother
The black dog is barking loudly.
Simple Subject → dog
Complete Subject क्या होता है?
Complete Subject में Subject के मुख्य word के साथ उससे जुड़े सभी modifying words शामिल होते हैं।
Example
The tall boy in the blue shirt is running.
Complete Subject:
The tall boy in the blue shirt
Simple Subject:
boy
Predicate:
is running
इसलिए:
Complete Subject = Main subject + words describing or identifying it
Simple Predicate क्या होता है?
Simple Predicate Predicate का मुख्य verb या verb phrase होता है।
Example
The boy is playing football.
Simple Predicate → is playing
Complete Predicate → is playing football
Another Example
Ravi has completed his homework.
Simple Predicate → has completed
Complete Predicate → has completed his homework
Complete Predicate क्या होता है?
Complete Predicate में verb के साथ Predicate से जुड़े सभी words शामिल होते हैं।
Example
The students are studying English in the classroom.
Complete Subject:
The students
Complete Predicate:
are studying English in the classroom
Simple Predicate:
are studying
Subject और Predicate में अंतर
| Subject | Predicate |
|---|---|
| बताता है sentence किसके बारे में है | Subject के बारे में बताता है |
| Usually noun/pronoun होता है | Usually verb से शुरू होता है |
| Action करने वाला हो सकता है | Action या state बताता है |
| “Who/What?” से identify किया जा सकता है | Subject के बारे में बाकी information देता है |
| Sentence का मुख्य topic हो सकता है | Subject के action/state को explain करता है |
Example
The teacher teaches English.
- Subject → The teacher
- Predicate → teaches English
Subject और Predicate का Verb से Connection
Subject और verb का relationship English grammar में बहुत important है।
Subject के number और person के अनुसार verb का form बदल सकता है।
Examples
He plays cricket.
लेकिन:
They play cricket.
यहाँ:
- He → singular
- plays → singular subject के साथ
और:
- They → plural
- play → plural subject के साथ
इसीलिए Subject को identify करना Subject-Verb Agreement समझने के लिए भी जरूरी है।
Singular Subject और Plural Subject
Singular Subject
एक person, animal, thing या idea को refer करने वाला Subject singular हो सकता है।
Examples:
- The boy plays cricket.
- She writes well.
- My brother works hard.
- The dog barks loudly.
Plural Subject
एक से अधिक persons, animals या things को refer करने वाला Subject plural हो सकता है।
Examples:
- The boys play cricket.
- They write well.
- My brothers work hard.
- The dogs bark loudly.
Compound Subject क्या है?
जब sentence में दो या दो से अधिक subjects मिलकर एक ही predicate के साथ काम करते हैं, तो उसे Compound Subject कहते हैं।
Examples
Ravi and Mohan are friends.
Subject:
Ravi and Mohan
Predicate:
are friends
यहाँ दो subjects “Ravi” और “Mohan” हैं।
More Examples
Ram and Shyam play cricket.
Compound Subject → Ram and Shyam
Predicate → play cricket
My mother and father work together.
Compound Subject → My mother and father
Predicate → work together
Compound Predicate क्या है?
जब एक ही Subject के साथ दो या दो से अधिक verbs/actions होते हैं, तो इसे Compound Predicate कहा जाता है।
Example
Ravi opened the door and entered the room.
Subject → Ravi
Compound Predicate → opened the door and entered the room
यहाँ Ravi एक ही Subject है, लेकिन उसने दो actions किए:
- opened
- entered
More Examples
She cooked dinner and washed the dishes.
Subject → She
Compound Predicate → cooked dinner and washed the dishes
The boy ran to the bus stop and caught the bus.
Subject → The boy
Compound Predicate → ran to the bus stop and caught the bus
Compound Subject और Compound Predicate दोनों
एक sentence में Subject और Predicate दोनों compound हो सकते हैं।
Example
Ravi and Mohan played cricket and watched a movie.
Compound Subject:
Ravi and Mohan
Compound Predicate:
played cricket and watched a movie
Subject के Types
English grammar में Subject को समझने के लिए कुछ useful categories हैं।
1. Simple Subject
केवल main subject word.
The clever boy won the prize.
Simple Subject → boy
2. Complete Subject
Main subject के साथ उसके modifiers.
The clever boy from our school won the prize.
Complete Subject → The clever boy from our school
3. Compound Subject
दो या अधिक subjects.
Ravi and Aman are playing.
Compound Subject → Ravi and Aman
Predicate के Types
Predicate को भी अलग-अलग forms में समझा जा सकता है।
1. Simple Predicate
Main verb या verb phrase.
The baby is sleeping.
Simple Predicate → is sleeping
2. Complete Predicate
Verb के साथ उससे जुड़ी पूरी information.
The baby is sleeping peacefully in the room.
Complete Predicate → is sleeping peacefully in the room
3. Compound Predicate
एक Subject के साथ multiple actions.
The boy opened the door and entered the room.
Compound Predicate → opened the door and entered the room
Declarative Sentence में Subject और Predicate
Declarative sentence information या statement देता है।
Example
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Subject → The Earth
Predicate → revolves around the Sun
Interrogative Sentence में Subject और Predicate
Question sentences में Subject और Predicate की position बदल सकती है।
Example
Is Rahul coming today?
यहाँ:
- Subject → Rahul
- Predicate → is coming today
ध्यान दें कि question में helping verb “is” Subject से पहले आ गया है।
Another Example
Are the students ready?
Subject → the students
Predicate → are ready
Imperative Sentence में Subject
Imperative sentence में command, request, advice या instruction दिया जाता है।
ऐसे sentences में Subject अक्सर लिखा नहीं जाता।
लेकिन implied Subject सामान्यतः you होता है।
Example
Open the door.
यहाँ implied Subject:
You
Predicate:
open the door
More Examples
Please sit down.
Implied Subject → You
Work hard.
Implied Subject → You
Listen carefully.
Implied Subject → You
इस तरह के Subject को कई बार understood subject या implied subject कहा जाता है।
Exclamatory Sentence में Subject और Predicate
Exclamatory sentence strong emotion express करता है।
Example
What a beautiful flower it is!
Subject → it
Predicate → is
हालाँकि sentence structure सामान्य statement की तुलना में अलग दिख सकता है।
Negative Sentences में Subject और Predicate
Negative sentence में “not” या दूसरे negative words आ सकते हैं।
Example
Rahul does not play cricket.
Subject → Rahul
Predicate → does not play cricket
Another Example
The children are not sleeping.
Subject → The children
Predicate → are not sleeping
Helping Verbs के साथ Predicate
Predicate में helping verb और main verb दोनों हो सकते हैं।
Examples
She is reading a book.
Predicate → is reading a book
They have completed the work.
Predicate → have completed the work
He will visit Delhi tomorrow.
Predicate → will visit Delhi tomorrow
We can solve this problem.
Predicate → can solve this problem
Linking Verb वाले Sentences
हर Predicate action नहीं बताता। कई बार Predicate Subject की condition, identity या description बताता है।
Example
Ravi is happy.
Subject → Ravi
Predicate → is happy
यहाँ “is” कोई physical action नहीं बता रहा। यह Subject की state बता रहा है।
More Examples
She is a doctor.
Subject → She
Predicate → is a doctor
The sky became dark.
Subject → The sky
Predicate → became dark
The food smells delicious.
Subject → The food
Predicate → smells delicious
Predicate में Object भी हो सकता है
Predicate में verb के अलावा object और अन्य information भी हो सकती है।
Example
Ravi bought a new bicycle.
Subject → Ravi
Predicate → bought a new bicycle
यहाँ Predicate के अंदर:
- Verb → bought
- Object → a new bicycle
इसलिए याद रखें:
Predicate केवल verb नहीं होता।
यह एक common mistake है।
Predicate में Adverbial Information
Predicate में time, place, manner आदि की information भी आ सकती है।
Example
Ravi plays cricket in the evening.
Subject → Ravi
Predicate → plays cricket in the evening
Another Example
The children played happily in the park.
Subject → The children
Predicate → played happily in the park
Subject और Predicate पहचानने के Examples
Example 1
The sun shines brightly.
Subject → The sun
Predicate → shines brightly
Example 2
My best friend lives in Mumbai.
Subject → My best friend
Predicate → lives in Mumbai
Example 3
The students are preparing for their exams.
Subject → The students
Predicate → are preparing for their exams
Example 4
The old man walks slowly.
Subject → The old man
Predicate → walks slowly
Example 5
Rita and Sita are sisters.
Subject → Rita and Sita
Predicate → are sisters
Example 6
My father has bought a new car.
Subject → My father
Predicate → has bought a new car
Subject और Predicate पहचानने की Step-by-Step Method
किसी भी sentence को analyze करने के लिए यह simple method follow करें:
Step 1: Verb खोजें
Sentence में main verb या verb phrase identify करें।
Step 2: पूछें “Who?” या “What?”
Verb का action कौन कर रहा है या sentence किसके बारे में है?
Step 3: Subject identify करें
जिस word या phrase का answer मिले, वही Subject है।
Step 4: बाकी sentence देखें
Subject के बारे में जो information बचती है, वह Predicate का हिस्सा होती है।
Example
The young boy is playing football in the park.
Verb → is playing
Who is playing?
Answer → The young boy
Subject → The young boy
Predicate → is playing football in the park
Subject हमेशा Action करने वाला नहीं होता
यह एक important point है।
Active voice में Subject अक्सर action करता है, लेकिन passive voice में Subject action receive कर सकता है।
Example
The boy kicked the ball.
Subject → The boy
Predicate → kicked the ball
यहाँ boy action कर रहा है।
अब देखें:
The ball was kicked by the boy.
Subject → The ball
Predicate → was kicked by the boy
यहाँ ball action नहीं कर रही है। फिर भी “The ball” grammatical Subject है।
इसलिए Subject को केवल “काम करने वाला” मानना हमेशा सही नहीं है।
Passive Voice में Subject
Passive voice में Subject अक्सर action का receiver होता है।
Example
The letter was written by Ravi.
Subject → The letter
Predicate → was written by Ravi
The match was won by India.
Subject → The match
Predicate → was won by India
यह distinction exams में बहुत useful है।
Subject और Predicate में Common Mistakes
Mistake 1: Predicate को केवल Verb समझना
Incorrect understanding:
Ravi plays cricket.
Predicate → plays
Actually:
Predicate → plays cricket
क्योंकि Predicate Subject के बारे में complete information देता है।
Mistake 2: Complete Subject और Simple Subject को एक समझना
The tall boy in the blue shirt is running.
Simple Subject → boy
Complete Subject → The tall boy in the blue shirt
Mistake 3: Helping Verb को Subject समझ लेना
Is Rahul coming?
“Is” Subject नहीं है।
Subject → Rahul
Predicate → is coming
Mistake 4: Object को Subject समझ लेना
Ravi kicked the ball.
Subject → Ravi
Object → the ball
Predicate → kicked the ball
“Ball” action receive कर रही है, इसलिए यह Subject नहीं है।
Mistake 5: Imperative sentence में Subject को भूल जाना
Close the door.
Written Subject दिखाई नहीं देता, लेकिन understood Subject you है।
Mistake 6: Long Subject देखकर confuse होना
The boy with a red bag is my brother.
Subject पूरा:
The boy with a red bag
Simple Subject:
boy
Predicate:
is my brother
Subject और Predicate vs Object
इन तीनों को अलग-अलग समझना जरूरी है।
| Part | Function |
|---|---|
| Subject | Sentence किसके बारे में है / action से grammatical relation रखता है |
| Predicate | Subject के बारे में information देता है |
| Object | Verb के action को receive करता है |
Example
Ravi reads a book.
- Subject → Ravi
- Predicate → reads a book
- Object → a book
Subject और Predicate vs Phrase
Phrase में subject-predicate structure जरूरी नहीं होता।
Phrase
in the morning
यह phrase है, complete sentence नहीं।
Sentence
Ravi studies in the morning.
Subject → Ravi
Predicate → studies in the morning
इसलिए Subject + Predicate मिलकर sentence का basic structure बनाने में important role निभाते हैं।
Subject और Predicate vs Clause
Clause में generally Subject और Predicate का relationship होता है।
Example
Ravi works hard.
Subject → Ravi
Predicate → works hard
यह एक independent clause भी हो सकता है।
Complex sentence में multiple clauses हो सकते हैं।
Example
When Ravi came home, he started studying.
Clause 1:
When Ravi came home
- Subject → Ravi
- Predicate → came home
Clause 2:
he started studying
- Subject → he
- Predicate → started studying
इस तरह एक sentence में multiple Subject-Predicate relationships हो सकते हैं।
Sentence Analysis Practice
नीचे कुछ sentences को identify करके देखें।
| Sentence | Subject | Predicate |
|---|---|---|
| The boy is sleeping. | The boy | is sleeping. |
| My mother cooks food. | My mother | cooks food. |
| Birds fly in the sky. | Birds | fly in the sky. |
| Rahul plays football. | Rahul | plays football. |
| The students are reading books. | The students | are reading books. |
| My friends visited Delhi. | My friends | visited Delhi. |
| The old man walks slowly. | The old man | walks slowly. |
| Honesty is a great quality. | Honesty | is a great quality. |
Exam में Subject और Predicate से जुड़े Questions
School exams और competitive English tests में Subject-Predicate से जुड़े questions कई forms में आ सकते हैं।
Type 1: Subject Identify करना
The little girl is singing a song.
Question: Find the Subject.
Answer → The little girl
Type 2: Predicate Identify करना
The little girl is singing a song.
Question: Find the Predicate.
Answer → is singing a song
Type 3: Simple Subject Identify करना
The tall boy won the race.
Answer → boy
Type 4: Complete Subject Identify करना
The tall boy from our school won the race.
Answer → The tall boy from our school
Type 5: Simple Predicate Identify करना
The boy has completed his homework.
Answer → has completed
Type 6: Compound Subject Identify करना
Ravi and Aman are playing cricket.
Answer → Ravi and Aman
Type 7: Compound Predicate Identify करना
Ravi opened the door and entered the room.
Answer → opened the door and entered the room
Subject-Predicate को जल्दी पहचानने की Trick
एक practical trick याद रखें:
Verb खोजो → Who/What पूछो → Subject पाओ → बाकी information Predicate
Example
The students are studying in the library.
Verb → are studying
Who are studying?
→ The students
Subject → The students
बाकी:
→ are studying in the library
Predicate → are studying in the library
यह method beginners के लिए काफी useful है।
Subject-Predicate और Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-Predicate की understanding से Subject-Verb Agreement भी आसान हो जाता है।
Example
The boy plays cricket.
Subject → The boy
Verb → plays
लेकिन:
The boys play cricket.
Subject → The boys
Verb → play
इसलिए Subject singular है या plural, यह पहचानना सही verb form चुनने के लिए जरूरी है।
Important Rules to Remember
Rule 1
Complete sentence में Subject और Predicate का relationship होना चाहिए।
Rule 2
Subject हमेशा sentence के beginning में नहीं होता।
Questions में Subject बाद में आ सकता है।
Where is Rahul?
Subject → Rahul
Rule 3
Imperative sentences में Subject अक्सर hidden या understood होता है।
Come here.
Implied Subject → You
Rule 4
Predicate केवल verb नहीं होता।
Ravi plays cricket.
Predicate → plays cricket
Rule 5
Subject एक word या पूरा phrase हो सकता है।
The boy in the red shirt is my friend.
Rule 6
एक sentence में compound Subject हो सकता है।
Ravi and Mohan are friends.
Rule 7
एक Subject के साथ compound Predicate हो सकता है।
Ravi opened the door and entered the room.
Rule 8
Passive voice में Subject action करने वाला जरूरी नहीं है।
The window was broken by the boy.
Subject → The window
Subject and Predicate: Quick Revision Table
| Term | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Subject | Sentence किसके बारे में है | Ravi |
| Predicate | Subject के बारे में information | plays cricket |
| Simple Subject | Main subject word | boy |
| Complete Subject | Subject का पूरा group | The tall boy |
| Simple Predicate | Main verb/verb phrase | is playing |
| Complete Predicate | Predicate का पूरा part | is playing cricket |
| Compound Subject | दो या अधिक subjects | Ravi and Mohan |
| Compound Predicate | एक Subject के multiple actions | opened the door and entered |
Practice Questions
नीचे दिए गए sentences में Subject और Predicate identify करें:
- The sun rises in the east.
- My brother plays cricket.
- The little girl is reading a storybook.
- Birds build their nests in trees.
- Ravi and Mohan are good friends.
- The students completed their homework.
- My father works in a bank.
- The old man was walking slowly.
- Honesty is a great virtue.
- The children are playing in the park.
Answers
- Subject → The sun | Predicate → rises in the east
- Subject → My brother | Predicate → plays cricket
- Subject → The little girl | Predicate → is reading a storybook
- Subject → Birds | Predicate → build their nests in trees
- Subject → Ravi and Mohan | Predicate → are good friends
- Subject → The students | Predicate → completed their homework
- Subject → My father | Predicate → works in a bank
- Subject → The old man | Predicate → was walking slowly
- Subject → Honesty | Predicate → is a great virtue
- Subject → The children | Predicate → are playing in the park
Final Takeaway
Subject और Predicate English sentence structure की basic building blocks हैं।
सबसे आसान तरीके से याद रखें:
Subject = Sentence किसके या किस चीज़ के बारे में है?
Predicate = Subject के बारे में क्या बताया गया है?
उदाहरण:
Ravi plays cricket.
Ravi = Subject
plays cricket = Predicate
और जब sentence थोड़ा बड़ा हो जाए, तब भी basic idea यही रहता है। पहले Subject identify करें, फिर देखें कि उसके बारे में क्या कहा गया है। यही दूसरा part Predicate कहलाता है।
अगर आप Subject, Predicate, Object, Phrase और Clause के बीच का difference अच्छी तरह समझ लेते हैं, तो sentence structure, sentence analysis और आगे की English Grammar को समझना काफी आसान हो जाता है।