After learning about the different parts of speech in the English language and understanding the 12 English tenses, the next important topic to learn is Active Voice and Passive Voice.
In this article, you will learn everything you need to know about active and passive voice, including their meaning, definitions, rules, uses, and sentence structures. You will also explore the key differences between the two voices with clear examples. By the end of the article, you will be able to identify, form, and use active and passive voice sentences accurately and confidently in English.
Active Voice and Passive Voice –
Voice क्या है?
English Grammar में Voice verb का वह form है जो बताता है कि sentence में काम कौन कर रहा है और काम किस पर हो रहा है।
Simple words में:
- Doer of the action = जो काम करता है
- Receiver of the action = जिस पर काम होता है
उदाहरण:
Rahul writes a letter.
यहाँ Rahul काम कर रहा है, इसलिए Rahul doer है।
A letter is written by Rahul.
यहाँ A letter पर काम हो रहा है, इसलिए letter receiver है।
English में Voice के मुख्य रूप से दो types होते हैं:
- Active Voice
- Passive Voice
The Two Voices in English – English की दो Voices
Active Voice क्या है?
जब sentence का subject खुद action करता है, तो उसे Active Voice कहते हैं।
यानी Active Voice में हमारा focus mainly काम करने वाले व्यक्ति या चीज़ पर होता है।
Structure of Active Voice
Subject + Verb + Object
उदाहरण:
Riya reads a book.
यहाँ:
- Riya = Subject
- reads = Verb
- a book = Object
Riya खुद book पढ़ रही है, इसलिए यह sentence Active Voice में है।
कुछ और examples:
- Aman plays cricket.
- The teacher teaches English.
- She cooked food.
- They cleaned the room.
इन सभी sentences में subject action कर रहा है।
Passive Voice क्या है?
जब sentence में action का effect subject पर पड़ता है, तो उसे Passive Voice कहते हैं।
Passive Voice में हमारा focus अक्सर action के receiver पर होता है।
Structure of Passive Voice
Basic structure:
Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject
उदाहरण:
Active: Riya reads a book.
Passive: A book is read by Riya.
यहाँ Active Voice का object a book Passive Voice में subject की position पर आ गया।
कुछ और examples:
- Active: Aman plays cricket.
Passive: Cricket is played by Aman. - Active: She cooked food.
Passive: Food was cooked by her. - Active: They cleaned the room.
Passive: The room was cleaned by them.
Active Voice और Passive Voice का Use
Active और Passive Voice का use sentence के purpose के according किया जाता है।
Active Voice कब use करें?
Active Voice तब useful होता है जब हम यह clearly बताना चाहते हैं कि काम किसने किया।
उदाहरण:
The teacher checked the notebooks.
यहाँ हमारा focus teacher पर है क्योंकि teacher ने action किया।
Active Voice generally:
- ज्यादा direct होता है।
- आसानी से समझ आता है।
- clear और strong लगता है।
- बोलचाल और सामान्य writing में बहुत common है।
Passive Voice कब use करें?
Passive Voice तब useful होता है जब:
- action important हो।
- action करने वाला व्यक्ति important न हो।
- doer का पता न हो।
- हम result या receiver पर focus करना चाहते हों।
उदाहरण:
The window was broken.
यहाँ हमें यह नहीं पता या बताना जरूरी नहीं है कि window किसने तोड़ी।
एक और example:
The road was repaired last week.
यहाँ focus road की repair पर है, न कि repair करने वाले लोगों पर।
Active Voice और Passive Voice में Difference
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|
| Subject action करता है। | Subject पर action होता है। |
| Focus doer पर होता है। | Focus receiver/action पर होता है। |
| Sentence generally direct और clear होता है। | Sentence comparatively indirect होता है। |
| Basic structure: Subject + Verb + Object | Basic structure: Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject |
| Main verb का normal form tense के according होता है। | Main verb generally V3 (Past Participle) में आता है। |
| Example: Ravi opened the door. | Example: The door was opened by Ravi. |
एक आसान Example से समझें
Active Voice:
The boy kicked the ball.
यहाँ boy ने action किया।
Passive Voice:
The ball was kicked by the boy.
अब focus ball पर है, जिस पर action हुआ।
Active से Passive बनाने के Basic Rules
Active Voice को Passive Voice में बदलते समय कुछ important rules याद रखने चाहिए।
Rule 1: Subject और Object की Position बदलें
Active:
Ravi writes a letter.
- Subject = Ravi
- Verb = writes
- Object = a letter
Passive:
A letter is written by Ravi.
Object a letter आगे आ गया और Subject Ravi बाद में चला गया।
Rule 2: Main Verb को V3 में बदलें
Passive Voice में main verb की third form (V3) use होती है।
Examples:
- write → written
- eat → eaten
- do → done
- make → made
- play → played
- clean → cleaned
- break → broken
- take → taken
उदाहरण:
Active: She writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.
Rule 3: Tense के अनुसार Helping Verb बदलें
Passive Voice बनाते समय केवल V3 लगाना enough नहीं है। Tense के according helping verb भी लगानी होती है।
उदाहरण:
Present Simple:
Ravi writes a letter.
→ A letter is written by Ravi.
Past Simple:
Ravi wrote a letter.
→ A letter was written by Ravi.
Future Simple:
Ravi will write a letter.
→ A letter will be written by Ravi.
Rule 4: Passive Voice में अक्सर “by” का Use होता है
जब हम doer बताना चाहते हैं, तो subject से पहले by लगाया जाता है।
Active: Riya cleaned the room.
Passive: The room was cleaned by Riya.
लेकिन अगर doer important नहीं है या unknown है, तो by + subject को हटाया भी जा सकता है।
The window was broken.
यहाँ यह बताना जरूरी नहीं कि window किसने तोड़ी।
Rule 5: Pronoun भी बदलते हैं
Active से Passive बनाते समय subject/object की position बदलने के कारण pronoun भी बदल सकते हैं।
| Active Form | Passive Form |
|---|---|
| I | me |
| We | us |
| He | him |
| She | her |
| They | them |
| You | you |
| It | it |
उदाहरण:
Active: I wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by me.
Active: She helped him.
Passive: He was helped by her.
Tense-wise Active and Passive Voice
अब देखते हैं कि अलग-अलग tenses में Active Voice को Passive Voice में कैसे बदला जाता है।
Present Tense
Simple Present Tense
Active: Brendon plays cricket.
Passive: Cricket is played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + V1/V5 + Object
Passive: Object + is/am/are + V3 + by + Subject
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Present Continuous
Active: Brendon is playing cricket.
Passive: Cricket is being played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + is/am/are + V-ing + Object
Passive: Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + Subject
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Present Perfect
Active: Brendon has played cricket.
Passive: Cricket has been played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + has/have + V3 + Object
Passive: Object + has/have + been + V3 + by + Subject
Present Perfect Continuous
इस tense का सामान्यतः Passive Voice नहीं बनाया जाता।
Active: Brendon has been playing cricket.
Passive: No commonly used passive form.
Past Tense
Past Simple
Active: Brendon played cricket.
Passive: Cricket was played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + V2 + Object
Passive: Object + was/were + V3 + by + Subject
Past Continuous
Active: Brendon was playing cricket.
Passive: Cricket was being played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + was/were + V-ing + Object
Passive: Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Subject
Past Perfect
Active: Brendon had played cricket.
Passive: Cricket had been played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + had + V3 + Object
Passive: Object + had + been + V3 + by + Subject
Past Perfect Continuous
इस tense का सामान्यतः Passive Voice नहीं बनाया जाता।
Active: Brendon had been playing cricket.
Passive: No commonly used passive form.
Future Tense
Future Simple
Active: Brendon will play cricket.
Passive: Cricket will be played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + will + V1 + Object
Passive: Object + will + be + V3 + by + Subject
Future Continuous
इस tense का सामान्यतः Passive Voice नहीं बनाया जाता।
Active: Brendon will be playing cricket.
Passive: No commonly used passive form.
Future Perfect
Active: Brendon will have played cricket.
Passive: Cricket will have been played by Brendon.
Formula:
Active: Subject + will have + V3 + Object
Passive: Object + will have been + V3 + by + Subject
Future Perfect Continuous
इस tense का सामान्यतः Passive Voice नहीं बनाया जाता।
Active: Brendon will have been playing cricket.
Passive: No commonly used passive form.
Active से Passive बनाने का आसान तरीका
Active sentence को Passive में बदलने के लिए यह 5-step method याद रखें:
Step 1: Subject, Verb और Object पहचानें
Riya writes a letter.
- Subject = Riya
- Verb = writes
- Object = a letter
Step 2: Object को शुरुआत में लाएँ
A letter …
Step 3: Tense पहचानें
writes → Present Simple
इसलिए Passive में is/am/are में से suitable helping verb आएगी।
Step 4: Main Verb को V3 में बदलें
write → written
अब:
A letter is written…
Step 5: Subject को “by” के साथ लगाएँ
Riya → by Riya
Final sentence:
A letter is written by Riya.
Active and Passive Voice के Examples
Example 1
Active: Twinkle likes adventure stories.
Passive: Adventure stories are liked by Twinkle.
Example 2
Active: Latha is learning French this year.
Passive: French is being learnt by Latha this year.
Example 3
Active: Kurt has brought macaroons.
Passive: Macaroons have been brought by Kurt.
Example 4
Active: Sidharth played cricket.
Passive: Cricket was played by Sidharth.
Example 5
Active: They were making invitation cards.
Passive: Invitation cards were being made by them.
Example 6
Active: Becky had packed the bags.
Passive: The bags had been packed by Becky.
Example 7
Active: Mira will buy the refreshments for the party.
Passive: The refreshments for the party will be bought by Mira.
Example 8
Active: Sanjay will have given the forms to all the participants.
Passive: The forms will have been given to all the participants by Sanjay.
कुछ Important Points याद रखें
Active Voice में
Subject → Action करता है
Example:
The boy opened the door.
Boy ने action किया।
Passive Voice में
Subject → Action receive करता है
Example:
The door was opened by the boy.
Door पर action हुआ।
Golden Formula
Active:
Subject + Verb + Object
Passive:
Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject
यह formula याद रखने से Voice के questions काफी आसान हो जाते हैं।
Practice Exercise – अपनी Understanding Check करें
नीचे दिए गए sentences को दिए गए instruction के अनुसार बदलें।
Questions
- Varun is helping Reshmi.
Change into Passive Voice. - A gift was given to Manassa by me.
Change into Active Voice. - Santana will sing a song at the Nationals.
Change into Passive Voice. - A mouse was being chased by my cat.
Change into Active Voice. - Naveen loves Praveena.
Change into Passive Voice. - The decorations for the annual day will be done by Emma.
Change into Active Voice. - J. K. Rowling wrote the Harry Potter novels.
Change into Passive Voice. - Ms. Holly will teach Spanish this year.
Change into Passive Voice. - Mike was hit by Nick.
Change into Active Voice. - Naslen is being scolded by his mom.
Change into Active Voice.
Answers
- Reshmi is being helped by Varun.
- I gave Manassa a gift.
- A song will be sung by Santana at the Nationals.
- My cat was chasing a mouse.
- Praveena is loved by Naveen.
- Emma will do the decorations for the annual day.
- The Harry Potter novels were written by J. K. Rowling.
- Spanish will be taught by Ms. Holly this year.
- Nick hit Mike.
- Naslen’s mom is scolding him.
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
Active Voice क्या है?
जिस sentence में Subject खुद action करता है, उसे Active Voice कहते हैं।
Example:
Ravi writes a letter.
यहाँ Ravi action कर रहा है, इसलिए sentence Active Voice में है।
Passive Voice क्या है?
जिस sentence में Subject पर action होता है, उसे Passive Voice कहते हैं।
Example:
A letter is written by Ravi.
यहाँ letter पर action हो रहा है, इसलिए यह Passive Voice है।
Active Voice का basic formula क्या है?
Subject + Verb + Object
Example:
Riya reads a book.
Passive Voice का basic formula क्या है?
Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
A book is read by Riya.
Passive Voice में verb की कौन-सी form use होती है?
Passive Voice में main verb की third form (V3) use होती है।
Examples:
- write → written
- eat → eaten
- make → made
- play → played
- clean → cleaned
क्या हर Active Voice sentence को Passive Voice में बदला जा सकता है?
नहीं। आमतौर पर वही sentences Passive में आसानी से बदले जाते हैं जिनमें object होता है।
उदाहरण:
Riya writes a letter.
इसमें object a letter है, इसलिए Passive बनाया जा सकता है:
A letter is written by Riya.
लेकिन:
Riya sleeps.
इसमें कोई direct object नहीं है, इसलिए इसका सामान्य Passive Voice नहीं बनाया जाता।
Passive Voice में “by” का use क्यों होता है?
By यह बताने के लिए use होता है कि action किसने किया।
Example:
The room was cleaned by Riya.
यहाँ by Riya बताता है कि room की cleaning Riya ने की।
लेकिन अगर doer important या known नहीं है, तो by + subject हटाया जा सकता है।
The room was cleaned.
Quick Revision
Voice को याद रखने का सबसे आसान तरीका:
Active Voice = कौन काम कर रहा है?
Passive Voice = किस पर काम हो रहा है?
Example:
Active: The teacher teaches the students.
Passive: The students are taught by the teacher.
याद रखें:
Active → Subject + Verb + Object
Passive → Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject
और Passive Voice बनाते समय Tense, Helping Verb, V3 और Pronoun पर विशेष ध्यान दें।